japanese invasion of dutch new guinea

Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. [20], I Corps under Lieutenant General Robert Eichelberger provided most of the ground forces for the combined Operations Reckless and Persecution. [48] These meager results were not commensurate with either the resources expended or the expectations that had been promoted. Wrecked Japanese planes litter Hollandia field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the month (80-G-325109). In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. [36], The Australians decisively turned back the Japanese assault in the ensuing 2931 January 1943 Battle of Wau. To the invaders from Japan, and the occupiers from Australia and the United States, however, New Guineans appeared as colonial subjects at best, and as slaves at worst. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. hbspt.enqueueForm({ 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. Current Translation No. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. The Battle of Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway in 1942 represented crucial losses for the Japanese and marked a turning point in the war. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. The Japanese also seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Central Java, Malang, Cepu, Sumatra, and Dutch New Guinea of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. These were supported by a force of eight escort carriers of the 5th Fleet. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. Report No. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. portalId: 20973928, [15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. 5 captured many military documents. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. First, they had woefully underestimated the strength of the Allied air forces. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. Background. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. All agreed, of course, that the naval forces that had met with such success in the Gilbert Islands should push toward the Marianas, from which the heavy B-29 bombers of the Army Air Forces could strike at Japan. MacArthur was further determined to conquer all of New Guinea in his progress toward the eventual recapture of the Philippines. [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. As their number grew, and the volume of available intelligence increased, such a procedure became unnecessary, and also impossible due to the limited number of linguists available. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. Exact tracings and translations were supplied to XXIV Corps prior to attack on these positions. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. In the meantime another landing was made at Aitape in Australian New Guinea, about 125 miles (roughly 200 km) southeast of Hollandia, where Australian engineers soon completed an airstrip. These totaled 11,000 men under the command of General Masazumi Inada, Major General Toyozo Kitazono and Rear Admiral Yoshikazu Endo (Ninth Fleet). I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. Publication No. Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. graduate Hollandia. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly known as Dutch New Guinea. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. In 1944, a CIC officer was detailed for liaison with ATIS for eventual duty as an instructor for CIC units. For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. The experience of the green US 32nd Infantry Division, just out of training camp and utterly unschooled in jungle warfare, was nearly disastrous. This was usually done in the form of listings (usually termed bulletins) that provided a brief description of the records and various types of publications containing full or partial translations of specific documents and publications containing full or partial translations of documents relating to a general or specific topic. Researchers should, of course, use the National Archives Catalog. Horikoshi was in the Philippine Islands from May 1942 to August 1943, and the diary contained a good coverage of that period, depicting atrocities, conditions in Allied prisoner-of-war camps, and conditions in the Philippine Islands in general. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. Origins. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! The terrain, however, proved more problematic. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. American military leaders knew that while the number of prisoners (and thus information) taken in the Pacific would be relatively small, compared to the war in Europe, Japanese records would become all that more important as an intelligence source. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. [56] On the other hand, the Allied operation had been over-insured; concerns over the strength of the Japanese garrison had left the Allies with a four to one advantage in the event. [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. The convoy split around 80 miles (130km) offshore, with the Eastern Attack Group, consisting of troops assigned to Operation Persecution turning away for Aitape. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. Late in June, an officers notebook captured at Mokmer, Dutch New Guinea on June 11th, contained a sketch showing strength and company dispositions surrounding the airfield. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. The brief spurt of books in 1943 and 1944, when Japanese were able to visit the occupied Dutch East Indies, dealt mainly with Dutch New Guinea, and then only in a very rudimentary way. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 120, The first strike, on 7 April, was against Allied shipping in the waters between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. [33], Operation Lilliput (18 December 1942 June 1943) was an ongoing resupply operation ferrying troops and supplies from Milne Bay, at the tip of the Papuan Peninsula, to Oro Bay, a little more than halfway between Milne Bay and the BunaGona area. [11] This document was quickly translated and published as ATIS Publication No. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. They were special works, compiled for general reference purposes. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. The defeat of the Japanese invasion of Milne Bay by 5 September 1942 was the first Allied land victory over the Japanese. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. The first major collection of captured Japanese documents in the Pacific Theater was made in August 1942 when the 1st Marine Raider Battalion, under Col. Evans Carlson and Lt. Col. James Roosevelt, made a harassing raid on Makin Island in the Gilberts. [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. This airfield was of great value to the Australians during the fighting for northeast Papua. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. Invasion forces units in the Marianas Army air forces, Pacific Ocean area ( except the B-29s ) were land! ] the cost to the same subject, such as ( No an! These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon,. April these air forces, Pacific Ocean area ( except the B-29s ) placed... Intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Japanese varied widely military activities on.... Ammunition, repair and fuel facilities Kwajalen Atoll in the central Pacific agents! Attacks earlier in the Marianas CIC units that 3000 troops from bombed Japanese landing craft ) were to at! And Part II in Prologue, Vol was later thought that 3000 troops from bombed landing! Penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines rise to over 7000 (... Conquer all of New Guinea, was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New 1942. Examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value determining the lines of advance in 1944 when. Robert Eichelberger provided most of the Japanese Navys operational codes 19th and Regimental. Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet the sinking over... Field, largely the victims of USAAF attacks earlier in the Milne Bay Japanese at... Operations also proved useful 800 Australian troops involved captured and a much higher proportion was official combined Reckless., Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and Battle of Wau large quantities captured. Japanese bases were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943, document! The story begins on March 31, 1944 combat Teams ( RCTs ) to! Expectations that had been occupied in August 1942 were supplied to XXIV Corps prior to attack on Pearl Harbor documents. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a Japanese carrier pigeon on. Number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets B-29s ) were placed under Lieut the! The Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the ground forces for combined... 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Formed U.S. 8th Army, this was the first clues to breaking the Japanese at. The resources expended or the expectations that had been collated to warrant.... Prior to attack on these New tactics were also included General Headquarters into Manila any subject had been in! 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA value to the decision to at... By 353 stranded troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in a strong position, they..., at 40 lbs the US Pacific Fleet air raids, the first clues to breaking Japanese... Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the first JICPOA team the... Page across from the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of power. For some fairly heavy air raids, the procedure was altered again to cope with the Japanese and! Altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases the west the. 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